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Volcanic Gas Emissions in
Central America
ASTER image of a plume emitted from Pacaya
volcano
Volcanoes are a
significant source of gas and ash emissions in to the atmosphere. Major gasses
emitted from volcanoes include H2O, SO2,
CO2,
H2S,
HCl, and HF. So why study volcanic gas? Obtaining
baseline values and monitoring fluctuations in gas emissions can provide
insight in to processes occurring in the magma chamber. Deviations from
baseline values may indicate when a volcano may be entering an eruptive
episode. Gasses can also perturb
the climate causing acid rain, global cooling and ozone depletion. It is
therefore important to estimate the global input of volcanic gas in to the
atmosphere to accurately model climate change.
Hazards
associated with volcanic gas emissions
Climate
change
Emissions from volcanoes can impact the climate on a local, regional and global scale. Alan Robock has done extensive work on the effects of volcanic emissions on the climate and provides an extensive source of references on his webpage. Robock et al, 2003 provides an overview of volcanoes and their role in climate change.
Also check out: CLIMATE
EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
and
Robock, Alan, and Clive Oppenheimer, Eds., 2003: Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, Geophysical Monograph 139, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 360 pp.
Human
Impacts
Emissions can give
rise to many problems including respiratory troubles, crop destruction, live
stock death and water contamination.
The international volcanic
health hazard network is an excellent source of information about the
impact volcanic emissions on human health.
Measuring
volcanic gas
Satellite
remote sensing
There are a variety of
sensors that are used to look at SO2 emissions from volcanoes.
Sensors include AIRS, ASTER, MODIS, TOMS, OMI, HIRS. Details about these sensors, how to obtain data and use it
can be found on the remote
sensing, satellite
resource data and volcano
information pages of the Natural
Hazards Mitigation in Pacific Latin America homepage.
Some remote sensing of SO2 links
and references:
TEMIS- Sulphur dioxide
from volcanic emissons
Carn et al, Volcanic
eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments:
a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions, Volcanic Degassing, Geological Society of
London Special Publications 213, (2003): 177-2022.
Realmuto, V. J The potential use of Earth observing system data to monitor the passive emission of sulfur dioxide from volcanoes, Remote sensing of active volcanism, Geophysical Monograph 116 (2000): 101-115
I.M. Watson, V.J. Realmuto, W.I. Rose, A.J.
Prata, G.J.S. Bluth, Y. Gu, C.E. Bader, T. Yu, Thermal infrared
remote sensing of volcanic emissions using the moderate resolution imaging
spectrometer, Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research 135, Issues 1-2, 2004, pages 75-89.
Ground
based remote sensing
DOAS at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala. Image source: www.geo.mtu.edu
DOAS
Galle, Oppenhiemer,
Geyer, McGonigle, Edmonds, Horrocks, A miniaturized ultraviolet spectrometer
for remote sensing of SO2 fluxes: a new tool for volcano
surveillance, Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 119, Issues 1-4 2003, 241-254.
McGonigle, A. J. S.,
Oppenheimer, C., Walking traverse
and scanning DOAS measurements of volcanic gas emission rates, Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 20
(20021015).
Andres, R. J., Schmid,
J. W., The effects of volcanic ash on COSPEC measurements, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
108, Issues 1-4, 2001, 237-244.
Gerlach, T. M., Elevation
effects in volcano applications of the COSPEC, Volcanic degassing, Geological Society of
London Special Publication 213 (2003): 169-175.
FTIR
Horrocks, Lisa A.; Oppenheimer, Clive, Open-path
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of SO2 ; an empirical error
budget analysis, with implications for volcano monitoring, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, no. D21 (20011116):
27,647-27,659
Compilation
of references for gas emissions in Central America
Mexico
El
Chichon Volcano
Krueger, A.J. (1983) Sighting of El Chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Science, 220, p. 1377-1378.
F. Tassi, O.
Vaselli, B. Capaccioni, J. L. Macias, A. Nencetti, G. Montegrossi and G. Magro.
Chemical composition of fumarolic gases and spring
discharges from El Chichon
volcano, Mexico: causes and implications of the changes detected over the
period 1998–2000, Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research, Volume 123, Issues 1-2, 15 April 2003, Pages 105-121
Frans J. M. Rietmeijer. Volcanic dust in
the stratosphere between 34 and 36 km altitude during May 1985 , Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 55, Issues 1-2, February 1993,
Pages 69-83
Michael Matson, The 1982 El Chichon
Volcano eruptions — A satellite perspective , Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 23, Issues
1-2, December 1984, Pages 1-10
Popocatepetl
Volcano
Inacio Galindo, Lev S, Ivlev, Arturo
Gonzalez and Robert Ayala, Airborne measurements of particles and gas
emissions from the December 1994-January 1995 eruption of Popocatepetl volcano
(Mexico), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 83,
Issues 3-4, 1998, Pages 197-217.
Geoff, Fraser, Janik, Cathy, Geochemical
surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, Geological Society of America Bulletin 110, no.6 (199806): 695-710.
Goff, Love, Steven, Warren, Passive
infrared remote sensing evidence
for large, intermittent CO emissions at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, Chemical Geology 177, no.1-2 (20010715): 133-156.
H. Delgado-Granados, L. Cárdenas González
and N. Piedad Sánchez . Sulfur dioxide emissions from Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): case
study of a high-emission rate, passively degassing erupting volcano, Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 108, Issues 1-4, 15 August 2001,
Pages 107-120
Colima Volcano
Yuri Taran, Juan Carlos Gavilanes and Abel
Cortés, Chemical and isotopic composition of fumarolic gases and the SO2
flux from Volcán de Colima,
México, between the 1994 and 1998 eruptions Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research, Volume 117, Issues 1-2, September 2002, Pages 105-119.
Guatemala
Rodriguez, L. A.,
Watson, I. M., Rose, W. I., Branan, Y. K., Bluth G. J. S., Chigna, G., Matias, O., Escobar, D., Carn, S.
A., Fischer, T. P. SO2
emissions to the atmosphere from active volcanoes in Guatemala and El Salvador
1999-2002 Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research 138 (2004) 325-344
Andres, R. J., W. I. Rose, R. E. Stoiber,
S. N. Williams, O. Mat¡as, R. Morales, 1993, A summary of sulfur dioxide
emission rate measurements from Guatemalan volcanoes, Bull. Volcanology. 55: 379-388.
Nicaragua
T.A. Mather , D.M. Pyle V.I. Tsanev, A.J.S. McGonigle C. Oppenheimer, A.G. Allen A reassessment of current volcanic emissions from the Central American arc with specific examples from Nicaragua Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 149 (2006) 297– 311.
Masaya Volcano
Burton, Michael R.; Oppenheimer, Clive Remote sensing of CO2
and H2O emission rates from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, Geology, 28, no.
10 (200010): 915-918
Demelle, P., Stix, J., Baxter, P. J., and
others, Atmospheric dispersion, environmental effects and potential health
hazards associated with the low altitude gas plume of Masaya volcano,
Nicaragua, Bulletin of
Volcanology 64, no.6, 2002: 423-434.
Hayley J. Duffell, Clive Oppenheimer, David
M. Pyle, Bo Galle, Andrew J. S. McGonigle and Mike R. Burton Changes in gas
composition prior to a minor explosive eruption at Masaya volcano, Nicaragua Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 126, Issues
3-4, 20 August 2003, Pages 327-339
Horrocks, Lisa; Burton, Mike; Francis, Peter,
and others, Stable gas plume composition measured by OP-FTIR spectroscopy at
Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, 1998-1999 Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 23 (19991201): 3497-3500
Glyn Williams-Jones, Hazel Rymer and David
A. Rothery Gravity changes and passive SO2 degassing at the Masaya caldera complex,
Nicaragua Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 123, Issues
1-2, 15 April 2003, Pages 137-160
Costa Rica
Zimmer, M.M., Fischer, T.P., Hilton,
D.R., Alvarado, G.E., Sharp, Z.D., Walker, J.A., 2004. Nitrogen systematics
and gas fluxes of subduction zones: insights from Costa Rica arc volatiles. GeochemistryGeophysics Geosystems
5.doi:10.1029/2003GC000651.
Poas
Volcano
Andres, R. J., J. Barquero and W. I. Rose, 1991, New measurements of SO2 flux at Poas volcano, Costa Rica, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 49: 175-177.